Penicillium scabrosum

Ciri dan struktur

Penicillium scabrosum forms strongly coloured colonies that are typically yellow, orange, or red-brown on culture media, often with concentric zones of different colours. When grown on Czapek-yeast autolysate agar (CYA), colonies reach 26–32 mm in diameter after one week at 25 °C and display a strictly velvety texture. Under the microscope, P. scabrosum shows distinctive features. Conidiophore stipes (stalks supporting spore-producing structures) measure 200–400 by 3–4 micrometres (μm) and are conspicuously roughened and often encrusted. The penicilli (spore-producing structures) are predominantly one-stage branched, though two-stage branching occasionally occurs. Metulae (branches of the conidiophore) measure 10–20 by 2.5–4.0 μm, extending at about 45° angles. Phialides (spore-producing cells) are slender with well-defined, abruptly narrowed openings, measuring 7–11 by 2.0–2.5 μm. Conidia (asexual spores) are globose to somewhat globose, rough-walled, and measure 2.4–3.2 μm. The fungus grows well on various laboratory media. On malt extract agar (MEA), colonies reach 21–31 mm in diameter after one week at 25 °C, with conidia appearing dark bluish-green. On 2% Difco yeast extract-15% sucrose agar (YES), colonies are conspicuously yellow, reaching 32–38 mm diameter after one week. Growth is inhibited at low temperatures, with colonies only reaching 2–4 mm on CYA at 5°C, and no growth occurs on CYA at 37 °C. The fungus shows very weak growth on creatine-sucrose agar with poor or no acid production. Penicillium scabrosum produces several biologically active secondary metabolites, including fumigaclavines, fumitremorgins, viridicatin, viridicatol, and fumagillin.

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Rujukan: [1]

Pengukuran mengikuti objek, spesimen atau kultur, dan metode yang disebutkan sumber. Baca uraian asli untuk konteks lengkap.

Habitat dan peran ekologis

Penicillium scabrosum is a species of fungus in the family Aspergillaceae was first formally described in 1990. The fungus forms distinctively coloured colonies that are typically yellow, orange, or red-brown, and features microscopically roughened stalks that inspired its species epithet scabrosum. It has been repeatedly isolated from soil samples in temperate regions, particularly in northern Europe and Canada, and occurs frequently in wheat and barley field soils. The fungus produces several biologically active compounds including fumigaclavines, fumitremorgines, viridicatin, viridicatol, and fumagillin, some of which have antibacterial and antiprotozoal properties. Penicillium scabrosum produces several biologically active secondary metabolites, including fumigaclavines, fumitremorgins, viridicatin, viridicatol, and fumagillin. The mycotoxin fumagillin shows antiprotozoal activity, while viridicatin and viridicatol have antibacterial properties. The fungus can be distinguished from the similar P. atrovenetum by its secondary metabolite profile; P. atrovenetum produces 3-nitropropionic acid and atrovenetin, which are not found in P. scabrosum. Penicillium scabrosum has been isolated from various substrates including soil samples from agricultural fields, food products, cereal crops (particularly wheat and barley), and as a spoilage organism in foods containing lipids and cereals.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Habitat atau konteks temuan

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Substrat

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Peran atau konteks

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Reproduksi

Under the microscope, P. scabrosum shows distinctive features. Conidiophore stipes (stalks supporting spore-producing structures) measure 200–400 by 3–4 micrometres (μm) and are conspicuously roughened and often encrusted. The penicilli (spore-producing structures) are predominantly one-stage branched, though two-stage branching occasionally occurs. Metulae (branches of the conidiophore) measure 10–20 by 2.5–4.0 μm, extending at about 45° angles. Phialides (spore-producing cells) are slender with well-defined, abruptly narrowed openings, measuring 7–11 by 2.0–2.5 μm. Conidia (asexual spores) are globose to somewhat globose, rough-walled, and measure 2.4–3.2 μm. The fungus grows well on various laboratory media.

Sebagian uraian ditampilkan dalam bahasa sumber; terjemahannya belum tersedia atau belum lolos pemeriksaan.

Rujukan: [1]

Catatan identitas dan cakupan

• Nama diterima mengikuti Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11; uraian mempertahankan konsep dan nama sumber aslinya.
• Original geographic, specimen and life-cycle scope retained; source import awaits individual editorial review.
• Impor dan terjemahan otomatis belum diperiksa editorial per profil. Struktur reproduktif yang disebutkan tidak membuktikan seluruh siklus hidup diketahui.
• Pengukuran pada uraian mengikuti spesimen, kultur, dan metode sumber; angka tidak diperluas ke semua populasi.

Melihat dengan konteks

Ilustrasi skematis garis luar konidium (varian globose) Penicillium scabrosum, berdasarkan uraian sumber; ukuran yang dilaporkan 2,4–3,2 µm. Proporsi disederhanakan, bukan salinan satu spesimen. Ornamen permukaan, warna, sekat, dan isi sel tidak direkonstruksi. Varian konidium bulat, dengan satu ukuran yang dilaporkan 2,4–3,2 µm. Sumber juga menyebut bentuk hampir bulat; sumbu kedua tidak ditambahkan. Ornamen, warna, sekat, dan isi sel tidak digambar. Skema edukasi, bukan alat identifikasi.

Jenis

Ilustrasi skematis

Kredit

Fungi, ilustrasi orisinal (2026); fakta morfologi berdasarkan Wikipedia contributors

Lisensi

CC BY-SA 4.0

Sumber media

Buka entri sumber

Gambar menunjukkan objek menurut identifikasi sumber, bukan verifikasi independen spesimen oleh Fungi. Tidak ada skala baru yang ditambahkan.

Sumber profil

1. [1] Penicillium scabrosum — Wikipedia (en)Bagian sumber: Frozen revision 1286824849
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12
   Media sumber: CC BY-SA4.0 · Wikipedia contributors
2. [2] Catalogue of Life Base2026-09-11 — Penicillium scabrosumBagian sumber: ColDP NameUsage.tsv ID 76JBQ; accepted species; source 2073
   Tanggal penghimpunan sumber: 2026-10-12